# ELECTRICAL CLASSROOM

> A complete Electrical Engineering portal


## Posts

- [Electric Current and Current Flow](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-current-and-current-flow/): To understand the basics of electricity it is necessary to understand the concepts of electric charge and current.
- [Electric Charge](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-charge/): Like gravitational force that acts on all masses, the electrostatic force is another fundamental force in nature.
- [Voltage and Electric potential difference](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/voltage-potential-difference/): Voltage is the term used to refer to the potential difference. Every material in this world is made up of atoms.
- [Digital I/O and Analog I/O](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/digital-i-o-and-analog-i-o/): Automation has become the backbone of almost all industries worldwide.
- [Difference between single-phase and three-phase power AC supplies](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-single-phase-and-three-phase/): Anyone who uses electricity and has heard of term: single-phase and three Phase, maybe trying to understand the difference between them.
- [Kilowatt to Kilo-volt-ampere (kW to kVA) Converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/online-kw-to-kva-converter/): Our comprehensive Kilowatt-to-kilo-volt-ampere (kW to kVA) Converter is designed to simplify this essential calculation for engineers, electricians, and anyone dealing with electrical power systems.
- [Transformer turns ratio calculator online](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-turns-ratio-calculator/): The primary function of a power transformer is to step up or step down voltage as per the requirement.
- [Transformer - Operation, construction and types](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-transformers/): An electric transformer is a device used to step up and step down ac voltages.
- [Transformer – FAQ | Interview Questions -Part 3](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-faq-interview-questions-part-3/): Transformer oil functions as a coolant as well as insulating material. It also enables transformer protection during internal faults.
- [Why is electricity transmitted at high voltages?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-is-electricity-transmitted-at-high-voltages/): You might have noticed huge towers supporting the high voltage transmission lines in your locality.
- [Transformer FAQ | Interview Questions -Part -2](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-faq-interview-questions-1/): A transformer is an electric machine that converts AC voltage from one level to another level with minimum power loss.
- [Why are transformers rated in KVA?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-are-transformers-rated-in-kva/): Transformers are rated in kVA or VA and not in kilowatts. While electric loads such as motors, lamps, heaters, etc.
- [Transformer FAQ  and Transformer Interview Questions](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-faq-interview/): By definition, a transformer is a static electrical device that transforms electric energy from one level to another level.
- [Why is the earth pin in a three-pin plug longer and thicker than the other pins?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-three-pin-plug-has-one-large-pin/): Safety is the primary element of any circuit or electrical connection.
- [Difference between neutral and earth / ground](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-neutral-and-earth/): This article focus on explaining the similarities and dissimilarities between neutral and earth (ground).
- [Difference between over-current and overload](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-over-current-and-overload/): Over-current and overload are abnormal conditions occurring in a circuit. This article well explains the difference between over-current and overload.
- [Difference between Short circuit and overload](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-short-circuit-and-overload/): A short circuit occurs when two or more current-carrying conductors of different phases or different voltage levels or different terminal (in DC circuits) come in contact with each other or with the ground.
- [Why ammeter is connected in series?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-ammeter-is-connected-in-series/): An Ammeter is a device used to measure the current flow through a conductor. The name is derived from the unit of current, Ampere.
- [Commissioning procedure for VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/commissioning-of-variable-speed-drive/): Commissioning of variable speed drive is the process of checking, inspecting, testing, and configuring the equipment at the project site so that it shall fulfill the technical and functional requirements of the customer.
- [Power Factor - Definition, Importance, Calculation and Correction techniques](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-factor/): In an AC power system, the power factor is a very important parameter that defines how efficiently electrical power is being utilized by the load.
- [Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) - Principle of operation](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/miniature-circuit-breaker-mcb-working/): Miniature circuit breakers commonly known as MCB, are mechanically operated switches cum circuit protection devices.
- [Difference between MCB, MCCB, RCCB, RCBO and Isolator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mcb-mccb-rccb-rcbo-isolator/): Circuit breakers are safety devices, which ensures the safety of equipment and personnel from electric shocks and damages.
- [Difference between circuit breaker and isolator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-circuit-breaker-and-isolator/): The circuit breakers and isolators serve a common purpose of circuit interruption.
- [Transformer Action](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-action/): Transformer action is a phenomenon by which EMF(Electro-motive force) is induced in from one coil to the other coil by electro magnetic induction.
- [MCB Trip Curves - B, C, D, K, and Z trip curves](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/b-c-d-k-and-z-mcb-trip-curves/): MCB (Miniature circuit breaker) is a re-settable device designed to protect a circuit from short circuits and overcurrents.
- [Difference between MCB and RCBO](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mcb-and-rcbo/): MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker and RCBO – Residual Current Circuit Breaker with Overload Protection are circuit protection devices.
- [Buchholz relay - Working Principle, Construction and Operation](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/buchholz-relay-working-principle/): A Buchholz relay in a transformer is an oil-activated relay, used to sense abnormalities such as short circuits, overheating, and oil leakages inside a transformer.
- [Difference between Higher potential and lower potential](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-higher-potential-and-lower-potential/): Before getting into the topic, we have to keep two points in mind.1. Conventional Current flow.
- [Kilovolt ampere to kilowatts (kVA to kW) converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/kva-to-kw-calculator/): Kilowatt is the unit of power. It is the product of voltage, ampere, and power factor. It is also called real power.
- [PLC, DCS, RTU, SCADA and PAC Systems](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/plc-dcs-rtu-scada-and-pac-systems/): Programmable logic controllers are electronic devices used to control a process.
- [What is meant by stalling of motor?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-meant-by-stalling-of-motor/): Motor stalling is a condition in which a motor stops rotating even when there is sufficient voltage at its terminals.
- [kW to HP converter | Kilowatts to Horsepower converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/kw-to-hp-converter-kilowatt-horsepower/): Here is a simple kW to HP converter and steps to unit conversion. Kilowatt and horsepower are units of power.
- [Selection of contactor and overload relay for DOL starter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/selection-of-contactor-and-overload-relay/): The below article can guide you through the selection of contactors and overload relays for a three-phase DOL starter and how to optimally size a DOL starter.
- [Types and comparison of induction motor starters](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/asynchronous-motorinduction-motor-starters-comparison-of-induction-motor-starters/): As the name indicates, starters are used to start or stop a motor.
- [Horsepower to kilowatts (hp to kw) Converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/hp-to-kw-converter-horsepower-kilowatt/): Horsepower and kilowatt are two different units of measuring power. Watts is the SI unit of power. It is a well-defined and normally used unit.
- [Voltage division rule | Potential divider circuit](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/voltage-division-rule-potential-divider-circuit/): The voltage division rule is one of the basic rules of circuit analysis. It is applicable to all series and combination resistor circuits.
- [Series and Parallel circuits](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/series-and-parallel-circuits/): Current flow in a circuit is determined by the impedance offered by the circuit components, which is in turn determined by the way circuit components are connected.
- [Contactor - Construction, Operation, Application and Selection](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/contactor-working-application-types/): A contactor is a switching device, widely used for the switching of motors, capacitors (for power factor correction), and lights.
- [Difference between MPCB and MCCB](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mpcb-and-mccb/): Motor Protection Circuit Breakers and Moulded Case Circuit Breakers and are devices used to open and close a circuit manually and interrupt the circuit automatically on the occurrence of faults.
- [Difference between RCCB and RCBO](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-rccb-and-rcbo/): RCCBs and RCBO are residual current protection devices. Residual current protection is achieved by monitoring the flow of current in the line and neutral.
- [What is there inside and MCCB?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-there-inside-and-mccb/)
- [What will happen if a DC voltage is applied to a transformer coil?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/dc-voltage-applied-to-transformer-coil/): This is a quite common question asked by many. In fact, it is necessary to know why we don't apply DC voltage to a transformer coil.
- [Difference between MCCB and RCCB](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mccb-and-rccb/): MCCBs and RCCBs are circuit protection devices with two different application.
- [Difference between MCB and MCCB](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mcb-and-mccb/): MCBs and MCCBs have commonly used circuit protection devices. These devices provide protection against overcurrent and short circuits.
- [Difference between contactor and relay](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-contactor-and-relay/): Contactors and relays are electrically operated switches used for the control and switching of loads.
- [Difference between soft starters and VFDs](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-soft-starters-and-vfds/): The most important difference between soft starters and VFDs is the role they play in motor control.
- [What is Comb Busbar?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-comb-busbar/): Comb busbar is one of the most basic switch gear instruments. The main purpose of a comb busbar is to distribute power to switch gear components such as MCBs.
- [What is ammeter selector switch?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-ammeter-selector-switch/): Ammeter selector switch is basically a normal three position switch.
- [What is an Electric Circuit?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-an-electric-circuit/): Two or more circuit components such as power source, resistors, inductors and capacitors when interconnected, it forms an electric circuit.
- [Difference between volts and watts](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-volts-and-watts/): Volts and watts are two of the most common and key terms in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
- [The direction of electric current](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/direction-of-electric-current-flow/): The direction of electric current can be a bit confusing topic. Here we have addressed your query.
- [Why are potential transformers used in power system?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-are-potential-transformers-used-in-power-system/): Protective relays coils and measuring instruments such as the voltmeter, wattmeter and energy meter are very sensitive devices and cannot be directly connected to the line carrying high magnitudes of voltages.
- [Why are current transformers used in power system?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-are-current-transformers-used-in-power-system/): Protective relays coils and measuring instruments such as an ammeter, watt meter and energy meter are very sensitive devices and cannot be directly connected to the line carrying high magnitudes of current.
- [What are the basic requirements of a protection system used in a power network or equipment?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-are-the-basic-requirements-of-a-protection-system-used-in-a-power-network-or-equipment/)
- [Why the power system is divided into several protections zones?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-the-power-system-is-divided-into-several-protections-zones/): The power system is divided into several protection zones in order to provide selectivity in the operation of protective devices used in the system.
- [What are the essential components of a protective relay?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-are-the-essential-components-of-a-protective-relay/)
- [What are the main functions of a protection relay?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-are-the-main-functions-of-a-protection-relay/): · Detection of the presence of a fault.
- [What is a protection relay?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-a-protection-relay/): Protection relay is an electrical device used to sense an abnormal condition in a power system and operate a circuit breaker or an alarm signal.
- [Which is the most efficient electrical machine?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/which-is-the-most-efficient-electrical-machine/): The most efficient electrical machine is the transformer. Transformers have efficiency above 95%. The autotransformer has an efficiency of close to 98%.
- [How rating of a circuit breaker for a system is determined?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-rating-of-a-circuit-breaker-for-a-system-is-determined/): The rating of a circuit breaker for a system is determined based on the balanced three phase fault occurring in it.
- [Which is the most common fault occuring in the power system?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/which-is-the-most-common-fault-occuring-in-the-power-system/): The most common fault occurring in the power system is a Single line to ground fault. Almost 70 per cent of faults occurring is Single line to ground faults.
- [What are the different faults occurring in the overhead transmission lines?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-are-the-different-faults-occurring-in-the-overhead-transmission-lines/): Probability of occurrence.
- [On which part of the power system, the occurrence of failure / abnormal condition is more?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/on-which-part-of-the-power-system-the-occurrence-of-failure-abnormal-condition-is-more/): The probability of occurrence of failure / abnormal condition is more in the on the power line.
- [Working of Diode rectifiers (Uncontrolled rectifiers)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/working-of-diode-rectifiers-uncontrolled-rectifiers/): Circuits that are used to convert the Alternating Current (AC) input power into a Direct Current (DC) output power is known as rectifier circuits.
- [Comparision of conventional energy resources](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/comparision-of-conventional-energy-resources/): Conventional energy is obtained from the conventional energy resources such as coal, diesel, gas and nucleus.
- [How does a LCD work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-does-a-lcd-work/): LCDs are not new to us since we always use devices made up of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) like computers, digital watches and also DVD and CD players.
- [Metal halide (MH) lamp](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/metal-halide-mh-lamp/): Metal halide (MH) lamp provides high efficiency, long service life and excellent colour rendition.
- [How refrigerators work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-refrigerators-work/): Modern fridges are available in various sizes with different features incorporated by the manufacturers.
- [What is inductance?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-inductance/): It is a property of a circuit element called inductor to store energy in the magnetic field when current passes through it.
- [What is voltage?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-voltage/): There are two types of charges namely positive charge and negative charge. As we all know these charges are opposite and they attract .
- [How do Fuel Cells Work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-do-fuel-cells-work/): Fuel cells cleanly and efficiently convert chemical energy from hydrogen-rich fuels into electrical power and usable high-quality heat in an electrochemical process that is virtually absent of pollutants.
- [Difference between microprocessors and microcontrollers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-mico-processors-and-micro-controllers/): A microprocessor requires multiple external support devices such as ROM, RAM, Serial interface, Timers, and I/O ports.
- [How does a car Air Conditioner work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-does-a-car-air-conditioner-work/): Air conditioning works continuously and has refrigerant continually circulating around a sealed system.
- [How does a speaker work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-does-a-speaker-work/): Speaker is a device which converts electrical signal into sound waves. By its property, sound is made when an object makes the particles around it vibrate.
- [How does a scanner work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-does-a-scanner-work/): Scanners are used to create a soft copy of available photos and documents. When we open the scanner we can see a glass plate.
- [Optical Mouse](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/optical-mouse/): The Optical mouse was introduced by Agilent Technologies in 1999.
- [Fluorescent lamps](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/fluorescent-lamps/): Fluorescent lamps are commonly used every where. These lamps are more energy efficient than ordinary incandescent light bulbs.
- [How Does an incandescent Bulb Work?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-does-an-incandescent-bulb-work/): In an incandescent light bulb, light is produced by the heating of filament.
- [Operation of generators](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/operation-of-generators/): The generator is a device which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
- [EMF equation of DC machines](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/emf-equation-of-dc-machines/): EMF equation of DC machines is a mathematical expression to calculate the EMF induced in a DC machine.
- [EMF equation of transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/emf-equation-of-transformers/): EMF equation of transformers lets you calculate the RMS values of induced voltages in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer.
- [Parts of a motor](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parts-of-a-motor/): An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. In general, an electric motor consists of a stator, a rotor, winding, bearings, and casing.
- [Number of poles calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/number-of-poles-calculator/): Most of the time, the motor nameplates do not contain the number of poles data on them.
- [Synchronous speed calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/synchronous-speed-calculator/): The "synchronous speed" is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in an electric motor. Here is a simple synchronous speed calculator.
- [Motor torque calculator | Full load torque of a motor](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/full-load-motor-torque-calculator/): The full load torque of a motor is the maximum torque that the motor can deliver when it is fully loaded.
- [Motor FLC calculator | Motor Full load current calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/motor-fla-motor-flc-calculator/): Motor FLC or full load current or full load amperes (FLA) of a motor is the maximum current the motor windings are designed to carry.
- [Star-delta starter (Wye-Delta Starters) - Circuit, working](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/star-delta-starter/): Induction motors are robust and reliable and are used in all industries across the globe.
- [Star-Delta starter design tool | Wye-Delta starter design tool](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/star-delta-starter-design-tool/): Star-delta starters are widely used for starting three-phase induction motors. It can reduce current inrush to 1/3 of direct-on-line starting current.
- [Direct-on-line starter | DOL starter selection tool](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/dol-starter-selection-tool/): The direct-on-line starter is the cheapest motor starting method. In this method, full voltage is applied to the motor terminals.
- [Resistance calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/resistance-calculator/): Resistors are the basic building blocks of a circuit. They are used in circuits as voltage dividers, current limits, termination for communication links, etc.
- [Difference between NPN and PNP transistors | NPN vs PNP Transistor](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/npn-vs-pnp-transistor-difference/): The bipolar junction transistors exist as NPN and PNP types.
- [Types of Proximity sensors and their applications](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/types-of-proximity-sensors/): Proximity sensors are used to detect the presence of an object without any direct contact. It is used as an alternative to the limit switches.
- [Comparison of core type and shell type  transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/core-type-and-shell-type-transformers/): A magnetic core and windings are two basic parts of a transformer. The windings are wound over the core and the core encircles the windings.
- [An overview of switchgear](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/an-overview-of-switchgear/): What is switchgear?
- [Selection and sizing of transformers - made easy](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/selection-and-sizing-of-transformers/): A transformer is the device that makes power systems flexible, scalable and help save cost by reducing power loss.
- [Autotransformer - Principle, advantages, copper savings](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/autotransformers-variac-dimmerstat/): An autotransformer is a single-winding electrical transformer. It is also known as variac or dimmer stat. It is made of a single-winding coil.
- [Parts of a transformer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parts-of-a-transformer/): The transformer facilitates the delivery of power electric energy at minimum power loss.
- [Earth Leakage Relay (ELR)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/earth-leakage-relay-elr/): An earth leakage can represent a danger to life or property if it is not located and mitigated.
- [Top 3 causes behind a circuit breaker trip | MCB Trip](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/circuit-breaker-trip-mcb-trip/): Circuit breakers are employed to automatically switch off a circuit or a load whenever any abnormalities in current flow are detected.
- [K-factor rated transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/k-factor-rated-transformers/): K-factor rated transformers are capable of withstanding the heating effects caused by harmonic load currents.
- [What is magnetization current in a transformer?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/magnetization-current-in-a-transformer/): A certain amount of current is drawn by a transformer from the source connected to it primary even when no load is connected to its secondary.
- [Magnetization inrush current in a transformer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/magnetization-inrush-current/): Transformer inrush current or magnetization inrush current is a transient input current drawn by a transformer during its energization.
- [Power consumption & Energy usage of CFL lamps](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-consumption-energy-usage-of-cfl-lamps/): CFL lamps or compact fluorescent lights are made to make lighting more energy efficient. It started replacing the incandescent lights.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of cooker hood](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-and-energy-usage-of-cooker-hood/): A cooker hood is essential to keep your kitchen odor-free and smoke-free.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of rice cooker and Steamer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-rice-cooker-steamer/): A Rice cooker or rice steamer makes it easy to cook rice. It is an automated device that cooks rice using electricity.
- [Power consumption of Xbox and PlayStation](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-consumption-of-xbox-and-playstation/): Xbox and PlayStation are very popular gaming consoles. The Xbox series was developed by Microsoft and the PlayStation was developed by Sony.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of induction cooktops](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-induction-cooktops/): Induction cooktops use the principle of electromagnetic induction to cook food instead of thermal conduction.
- [Power consumption & energy usage of freezers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-freezers/): Freezers are used to prevent food from spoilage so that it can be used later. Almost every home has a freezer, at least one attached to the refrigerator.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of deep fryers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-deep-fryers/): An electric deep fryer is a kitchen appliance used for frying food in hot oil.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of air purifiers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-air-purifiers/): Air purifiers are used to clean air in an enclosed space by continuously passing it through a filter and removing the contaminants present in the air.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of space heaters](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-space-heaters/): A space heater or room heater is used to heat up an enclosed space such as a room, office, etc. It can be electrically powered or by burnable fuels.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of juicers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-and-energy-usage-of-juicers/): Juicers are used to extract juice from fruits and vegetables. There are two types of electric juicers quite popular in the market.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of Mixer grinders](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-mixer-grinders/): Mixer grinders are kitchen appliances used to grind grains, and fruits and prepare shakes, cocktails, etc. It is very popular in Asian countries.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of blenders](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-consume-energy-usage-of-blenders/): A blender is a kitchen appliance used to grind grains, and fruits and prepares shakes, cocktails, etc.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of electric kettle](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-electric-kettle/): An electric kettle is used to heat or boil water, milk, etc.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of coffee makers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-coffee-makers/): A coffee maker is a device that can make coffee for you whenever you need it. Here you can calculate the energy usage of coffee makers.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of toasters](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-and-energy-usage-of-toasters/): Hope you love to have crispy toast with coffee every morning.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of hairdryers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-and-energy-usage-of-hairdryers/): Hairdryer blows hot air so that you can dry your hair faster after a bath. Alexander F. Godefroy is the first to introduce hair dyers in salons.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of water heater](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-water-heater/): A water heater is used to heat up the water in your home for bathing, cooking, cleaning, and space heating.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of refrigerators](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-refrigerators/): Refrigerators can be found in every home, food and beverage industry, and commercial establishment.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of vacuum cleaner](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-vacuum-cleaner/): A vacuum cleaner is a piece of equipment used to clean the debris from the floor. There are many types of vacuum cleaners.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of Microwave oven](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-microwave-oven/): A microwave oven is used to cook or heat food and can be found in almost every kitchen.
- [Power consumption & energy usage of dishwashers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-dishwashers/): A dishwasher is a piece of equipment used to clean dishware and cutlery automatically.
- [Power consumption & Energy usage of Clothes Dryer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-clothes-dryer/): Clothes dryers are used to remove moisture from clothes. Usually, they are used after washing clothes in a washing machine.
- [Top 5 differences between kW and kVA](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-kw-and-kva/): kW and kVA are units of power. kW stands for kilo-watts and kVA stands for kilo-volts ampere.
- [Amps to kVA | Amperes to kVA  converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/amps-to-kva-amperes-to-kva-converter/): Transformers, alternators, UPS and power supplies are rated in kVA. kVA stands for kilo-Volt-amperes.
- [kVA to Amps | kVA to Amperes converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/kva-to-amperes-kva-to-amps/): Kilo-volt-amperes (kVA) and ampere are the units of two different parameters of electricity.
- [What is kVA?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-kva/): kVA stands for kilo volt-amperes. It is basically the unit of apparent power and is the product of RMS values of voltage and current.
- [Transformer kVA calculator - Based on load](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-kva-calculator/): Whenever the available AC source voltage differs from the load voltage, we use transformers to increase or decrease the voltage levels.
- [Transformer noise (Humming sound of transformers)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-noise-humming-sound/): Noise is an unpleasant, unwanted and annoying sound.
- [Open circuit test & Short circuit test in transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/open-circuit-test-short-circuit-test/): Open circuit test and short circuit test are conducted to determine the core loss, copper loss, and equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer.
- [Equivalent circuit and Phasor diagram of a transformer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/equivalent-circuit-of-transformer/): In order to understand the equivalent circuit of a transformer, we suggest you read Ideal transformer first and then come back and continue from this point.
- [Ideal Transformer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ideal-transformer/): A transformer is an AC device used to step down or step up voltages.
- [An overview of Electric Machines](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-machines/): Electricity does not exist naturally in any useful form. It has to be generated from any other sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, thermal, atom, etc.
- [Power consumption & energy usage of ceiling fans](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-ceiling-fans/): Ceiling fans are used to circulate air inside a closed space. Even though they do not cool down the air, the continuous circulation of air helps us feel better.
- [What is meant by plugging a motor?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/plugging-induction-motor-dc-motor/): Induction motors are one of the major power-consuming loads on the planet today and are widely used for all industrial and domestic applications.
- [Generate electricity from electricity - Is that possible?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/generate-electricity-from-electricity/): “Can we generate electricity from electricity?” This is a quite common question that many people ask.
- [Types of electric transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/types-of-transformers-types/): You might have come across various types of transformers in your daily life either knowingly or unknowingly. This article illustrates various transformer types.
- [Top 5 differences between fuses and circuit breakers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-fuses-and-circuit-breakers/): Short circuits and overloads are abnormal conditions that cause heavy current flow in a circuit.
- [Why are overhead transmission lines not insulated?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-are-overhead-transmission-lines-not-insulated/): Overhead transmission lines are not insulated primarily due to three reasons: first and foremost is to reduce the weight of the lines, secondly to save cost and the last is they are at sufficient height to avoid direct contacts.
- [Difference between fuse and MCB](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-fuse-and-mcb/): Circuit protection devices such as fuses and MCBs are used to safeguard any equipment from damages caused due to short circuits.
- [Difference between utilization categories AC-1 and AC-3](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/utilization-categories-ac-1-and-ac-3/): The utilization categories AC-1 and AC-3 defines making, breaking and continuous operation current rating for contactors.
- [Utilization categories for low voltage switchgear](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/utilization-categories/): It is necessary to select the correct rating of switchgear for any application.
- [Power consumption & energy usage of air conditioners](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-air-conditioners/): Air conditioners are one of the major power-consuming loads at home.
- [Steps to convert Thevenin's circuit to Nortons](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/steps-to-convert-thevenins-circuit-to-nortons/): Thevenin's and Norton's theorems are circuit simplification methods, applied to simplify complex linear circuits and making circuit analysis easy and fast.
- [How to save on electricity bills?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-to-save-on-electricity-bills/): A few small behavioral changes and other adjustments can help us save electricity as well as electricity bills.
- [Maximum Power transfer theorem](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/maximum-power-transfer-theorem/): In an electric circuit, power flows from the source to the load. The source itself has some amount of impedance which affects the current flow.
- [Calculate the power consumption of AC & Electricity usage](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-consumption-of-ac/): It's hot inside let's turn on the AC!!
- [Superposition theorem](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/superposition-theorem/): Superposition theorem can be used to find the current or voltage in any circuit containing more than one independent sources.
- [Current Division rule](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/current-division-rule/): As we know, in a parallel circuit current divides into all branches.
- [Norton’s Theorem](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-nortons-theorem/): Norton’s theorem is used to simplify complex linear circuits and making circuit analysis easy and fast. This theorem was proposed by E. L.
- [Thevenin’s Theorem -explanation, equivalent circuit & examples](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/thevenins-theorem-equivalent-circuit/): Circuits can contain many power sources and power dissipation elements.
- [Electromechanical relays vs solid-state relays](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electromechanical-vs-solid-state-relay/): Relays are electrically operated switching devices, used to gain control over processes and circuits.
- [Difference between earth leakage relay and earth fault relay](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-earth-leakage-relay-and-earth-fault-relay/): Earth fault is an undesirable condition at which current flow from a conductor to earth.
- [What is an arc chute?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-an-arc-chute/): Arc chute is a set of metal plates that are arranged in parallel and mutually insulated from each other, which can divide, cool and safely extinguish an electric arc.
- [Relay - Operation, types and applications](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/relay-operation-type-application/): A relay is an electrically controlled switching device.
- [High Leg delta connection](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/high-leg-delta-connection/): Power is transmitted over long distances at high voltage.
- [Electrical wiring color codes - Important](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electrical-wiring-color-codes/): Electrical engineers and electricians follow predefined wiring color codes while wiring houses, commercial buildings and industrial panel boards.
- [Difference between NO and NC](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-no-and-nc/): In every control circuits and automation systems, logic is developed based on the open or closed state of switches, sensors or relays.
- [Power consumption & energy usage of electric iron](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-electric-iron/): An electric iron or a steam iron or an iron box is a tool used to press the wrinkles out of your clothes so that when you dress up you look smart and neat.
- [Power consumption & Energy usage of LED lamps](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-led/): The energy usage of LED lamps is much less than that of CFL lamps, fluorescent lamps or incandescent bulbs.
- [Voltage regulation calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/per-cent-voltage-regulation-calculator/): Use the following calculator to calculate the Voltage regulation calculator to calculate voltage regulation precisely.
- [Ampere to Kilowatt | Amps to kW converter](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ampere-to-kilowatts-amps-to-kw-converter/): Kilowatts and ampere are two different quantities of electricity.
- [Voltage regulation of transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/voltage-regulation-of-transformers/): Voltage regulation of transformers can be a little tricky to understand.
- [kW to Amps Converter | Kilowatt to Ampere](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/kilowatt-to-ampere-kw-to-amps-calculator/): Kilowatts and ampere are the units of two different parameters of electricity.
- [Kirchhoff's laws - voltage and current laws - Explained](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/kirchhoff-voltage-and-current-laws/): The relationship between the current and voltage in a circuit was studied and formulated into laws by Gustov Kirchhoff, a German Physicist in 1845.
- [Overload relay - Principle of operation, types, connection](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/overload-relay-principle-of-operation-types-connection/): Every motor must be protected from all possible faults to ensure prolonged and safe operation as well as time loss caused due to breakdown.
- [What is kA rating (breaking capacity) of MCB and MCCB?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-ka-rating-of-mcb-mccb/): kA rating of an MCB or an MCCB is the maximum current it can safely interrupt in case of a short circuit.
- [What is an MCB?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-an-mcb/): MCB stands for miniature circuit breaker.
- [Electric Short Circuit](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-short-circuit/): Electricity is required for lighting up our homes and powering up industries. It can be constructive or destructive depending on how carefully it is handled.
- [Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/): Today most of the electric loads work on AC power. Every electric load possess a certain amount of resistance.
- [Basics of Alternating current](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/alternating-current-basics/): Electrical Power is the basis of modern life. It forms the basis for industrial and infrastructure developments and makes our life more comfortable.
- [Ohm's Law - Relationship between current and voltage](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ohms-law-voltage-current-resistance/): Ohm’s law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It relates the basic parameters of electricity, current and voltage, to each other.
- [Conductance | What is conductance?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/conductance-what-is-conductance/): Every material in the universe is believed to be made up of atoms.
- [Capacitance| What is a capacitor?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/capacitance-capacitor/): The device that offers pure capacitance is known as a capacitor. A capacitor is a two-terminal energy storage device, that stores energy in its electric field.
- [Inductance | What is an inductor?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/inductance-inductor/): A conductor carrying current produces a magnetic field around it. This magnetic field follows a circular path.
- [What is Electric Power?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-electric-power/): Before reading about electric power it is essential to have a basic idea about power. The word power is a little tricky to understand.
- [What is energy?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-energy/): Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work. It can also be defined as “stored work”.
- [What is Resistance?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-resistance-what-is-resistance/): As we know the current is the flow of free electrons through material from a higher potential to a lower potential.
- [Cable size calculator - 100% Accurate](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/cable-size-calculator/): Here is the a cable size calculator that you can use to engineering work to select the correct cable for your application.
- [How AI can be used to slash your Home Energy Bills by 50%?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/how-ai-can-be-used-to-slash-your-home-energy-bills/): Looking to reduce your energy bills without sacrificing comfort? You’re not alone.
- [Parallel Slave Port (PSP) ](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parallel-slave-port-psp/): The Parallel Slave Port (PSP) is a feature found in some Microchip PIC microcontrollers, particularly in the PIC16 and PIC18 families.
- [Difference between ARM and Thumb states (ARM vs. thumb)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/arm-vs-thumb-state-differences/): In ARM-based processors, ARM and Thumb states serve different purposes, primarily affecting code size and memory efficiency.
- [Load Sharing in AC Drives (VFD / VSD)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/load-sharing-in-ac-drives-vfd-vsd/): In industrial and mechanical systems, the concept of load sharing plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth operation of processes that require multiple motors to drive a single load.
- [Understanding Issues with Contactors and Relays](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/issues-with-contactors-and-relays/): Contactors and relays are essential components in electrical systems, used to control circuits by opening and closing contacts.
- [Power consumption of pool pump](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-consumption-of-pool-pump/): Calculating the electricity cost of running a pool pump involves understanding the power consumption of pool pump, operating hours, and electricity rate.
- [Materials used in an electric motor](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/materials-used-in-an-electric-motor/): The objective is to analyze and understand the requirements of the materials used in an electric motor, understand the material requirement of each motor part, find out the materials utilized in the motor used for the study, and understand why that material is used.
- [Impact of Surface Topologies on Electrical Properties of High Voltage Power Transmission Lines](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/impact-of-surface-topology-on-conductors/): Impact of Surface Topologies on the electrical properties of high voltage power transmission lines has a huge impact as there is an increased demand for efficient transmission of power from the generating end to the end users.
- [Transformer current calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-current-calculator/): This transformer current calculator simplifies the process of determining the current requirements for your specific transformer application.
- [Transformer sizing calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-sizing-calculator/): Welcome to our Transformer Sizing Calculator!
- [Transformer Tap changers: Off-Load and On-Load tap changers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-tap-changers-off-on-load/): Tap changers are voltage regulation equipment used to adjust the voltage ratio in transformers by adding or removing tapping turns.
- [Difference between 2-wire, 3-wire, and 4-wire signal transmitter connections](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/signal-transmitter-connections-4-wire/): 4–20mA sensor transmitters are very common in industries to measure physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, flow, etc.
- [Sinking and Sourcing Concepts and their differences](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/sinking-and-sourcing-differences/): Sourcing and sinking are the core terms of PLC wiring and can greatly affect the reliability and functionality of your control system.
- [Electrical terms and their definitions](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electrical-terms-and-definitions/): Below are the 500 most common Electrical Terms and their definitions. Many find these terms might sound confusing to you.
- [The Concepts of a 4-20mA current Loop](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/4-20ma-current-loop-concept/): 4-20mA Current loops are widely used to transmit process variable data such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, level, consistency, speed, etc between the process controllers and the field devices.
- [Ground potential rise](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ground-potential-rise/): Ground Potential Rise (GPR) refers to the increase in electrical potential between the ground and a point of reference when a fault occurs on a power system.
- [Differences between GTO and SCR](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/differences-between-gto-and-scr/): Gate turn-off thyristors (GTO) and Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) are semiconductor switching devices used in converters, rectifiers, charging circuits, etc.
- [Factors influencing requirements for a good grounding system](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/requirements-for-good-grounding-system/): Grounding systems are required not only to ensure the safety of the personnel and the safe operation of equipment but also to protect the system from lightning and ensure accurate measurement of electrical parameters.
- [Gate turn-Off thyristor (GTO)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/gate-turn-off-thyristor-gto/): A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) is three terminal semiconductor device - made up of four layers of alternating P-type and N-type material.
- [What is a motor control center (MCC)?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-a-motor-control-center-mcc/): Hundreds are electrical motors are used in modern-day industries for process automation and control.
- [Methods of Ground/ Earth resistance measurements on existing systems](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ground-earth-resistance-measurements/): It is vital to maintain good ground in a system.
- [Fall of potential method or 3-point method for Earth resistance measurements](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/fall-of-potential-method/): The fall of potential method or 3-point method is the most commonly used method to measure ground resistance.
- [Soil resistivity measurement methods](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/soil-resistivity-measurement/): One of the key elements affecting ground resistance is soil resistivity.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of humidifiers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/energy-usage-of-humidifiers/): Humidifiers are used to increase the humidity in a confined space. They can be used to humidify living rooms and ventilators can be used to treat dryness.
- [Power consumption and energy usage of exhaust fans](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/power-energy-usage-of-exhaust-fans/): A typical household exhaust fan consumes 40 watts of power. The energy usage of an exhaust fan purely depends on how many hours it spins.
- [Grounding transformer or Earthing transformer](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/earthing-grounding-transformer/): Grounding transformers are used to obtain a neutral when an existing delta-connected or ungrounded systems are to be grounded.
- [Dual-element time-delay fuses](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/dual-element-time-delay-fuses/): Time-delay fuses can provide overload and short circuit protection while overcoming momentary current spikes.
- [Interview questions on Modbus](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/interview-questions-on-modbus/): Modbus is an application layer-level communication protocol that defines rules for organizing and interpreting data and is essentially a messaging structure that is independent of the underlying physical layer.
- [Difference between AC contactors and DC contactors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-ac-contactors-and-dc-contactors/): The AC contactors differ from the DC contactors in their construction, arc extinction, and usage in a circuit.
- [Resonant grounded system (Ground-Fault Neutralizer)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/resonant-grounded-system/): A resonant grounded system can significantly reduce the ground fault currents.
- [Reactance grounded system or inductance grounded system](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/reactance-grounded-inductance-ground/): In a reactance grounded system, the neutral is connected to the ground through an inductance (inductive reactance).
- [Ingress protection rating or IP rating (IEC 60529)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ingress-protection-ip-rating-iec-60529/): IEC 60529 has classified the degree of protection offered by an enclosure against solid particles and liquid.
- [Types of Electrical Earthing as per IEC 60364 & BS 7430](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/types-of-electrical-earthing-iec-60364/): Effective electrical earthing plays an important role in safeguarding people from the risk of electric shock and ensures a low impedance path for electric discharges to pass to the general mass of the earth under both normal and fault conditions.
- [Quiz Test](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/quiz-test/)
- [Are earthing and grounding the same?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/are-earthing-and-grounding-the-same/): Ground and/or Earth are generally used to define a common reference point for power/signal.
- [Resistance grounded system](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/resistance-grounded-system/): A resistance grounded system or resistance grounded neutral system is one that employs an intentional connection between the neutral and the earth through one or more resistors.
- [Solidly grounded or Effectively grounded system](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/solidly-grounded-effectively-grounded/): In a Solidly grounded system, the neutral is directly connected to the earth without any intentional resistance or reactance in between.
- [Ungrounded systems](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ungrounded-system/): An electrical system that is not intentionally connected to the ground is known as an ungrounded system.
- [Neutral-to-Earth/ground Voltage- Causes, effects, and solution](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/neutral-to-earth-ground-voltage/): Ideally, the voltage measured across the neutral and the earth/ground must be zero.
- [Difference between grounding/earthing and bonding](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/grounding-earthing-and-bonding/): Earthing and bonding are two terms very closely related but are different.
- [Types of grounding](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/types-of-grounding/): This article discusses several types of grounding methods.
- [Torque-speed calculator & speed-torque calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/torque-speed-calculator-speed-torque/): Here is a calculator that can be used to calculate torque from speed and speed from torque.
- [Torque-power calculator & power-torque calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/torque-power-power-torque-calculator/): Here is a calculator that can be used to calculate torque from power and power from torque.
- [MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/mos-controlled-thyristor-mct/): An MCT or a MOS-controlled Thyristor is a semiconductor device with the combined capabilities of a thyristor and a MOSFET. It was introduced in the year 1992.
- [Rogowski Coils](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-are-rogowski-coils/): A Rogowski coil is an electrical transducer, that functions similar to a current transformer and is used in a variety of applications to measure alternating current (AC).
- [Star-Delta starter wiring diagram - Control and power wiring diagrams](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/star-delta-starter-wiring-diagram/): The power and control circuits of a star-delta starter are discussed in this article with the help of an actual star-delta starter wiring diagram.
- [Top 10 DCS Companies in the world](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/top-10-dcs-companies-in-the-world/): Distributed Control Systems (DCS) is being used to control a production plant or a process for over 40 years now.
- [Top 10 Industrial Automation companies in the world](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/industrial-automation-companies/): Industrial automation and robotics enable large-scale manufacturing at a lower cost. It enables an increase in productivity and product quality.
- [Electric current collectors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-current-collectors/): Current collectors are components fitted to an electric equipment in motion to collect electric current required for its operation from a stationary busbar.
- [MCCB - Molded Case Circuit Breaker | Working Principle | Ratings](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/mccb-molded-case-circuit-breaker/): An MCCB or Molded Case Circuit Breaker is a modular device used to protect a piece of low voltage equipment or circuit from overload and short circuits.
- [Interview questions on PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/interview-questions-on-plc/): Here are the most frequently asked Interview questions on PLC.
- [Interview question - Induction Motors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/interview-questions-on-induction-motor/): Here are the most frequently asked questions on Induction motors.
- [Interview Question - Variable frequency drives](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/interview-question-vfd/): Here are the most frequently asked interview questions on Variable frequency drives (VFD/VSD).
- [MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/mos-turn-off-thyristor-mto/): MTO stands for MOS turn-off thyristor. It is a high-power bipolar MOS thyristor that constitutes both MOSFET and Gate Turn-off thyristor (GTO).
- [Difference between Transistors and Thyristors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-transistors-and-thyristors/): Transistors and thyristors are semiconductors switching devices. They are used for controlling current flow in circuits.
- [The difference between kVA and kVAR](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/the-difference-between-kva-and-kvar/): The difference between kVA and kVAR is pretty simple. "kVA" is the unit of apparent power whereas "kVAR" is the unit of reactive power.
- [TRIAC - Operation, symbol, circuits & applications](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/triac-operation-symbol-circuits/): A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is a three-terminal bidirectional thyristor, meaning that can conduct current in both directions when activated properly.
- [Surge Protection Device (SPD) | Surge protector](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/surge-protection-device-spd/): A surge protection device (SPD) or simply a surge protector is a device used to ensure protection against transient surges.
- [Thyristors and their types](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/thyristors-and-their-types/): Thyristors are high-speed semiconductor switching devices that are made up of four layers of alternating p and n-type materials.
- [SCR - Silicon Controlled rectifier](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/scr-silicon-controlled-rectifier/): A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a unidirectional semiconductor device that can be triggered into conduction by applying a positive gate current.
- [Transformer cooling methods](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-cooling-methods/): Transformers are the most efficient electric machine. A typical transformer is over 99% efficient.
- [Drawout circuit breaker positions and indications explained](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/circuit-breaker-positions-indications/): Several operating indications can be seen on the front of an ACB or MCCB.
- [IGBT - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/igbt-insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor/): An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a type of bipolar transistor that has an insulated gate terminal.
- [Common emitter configuration of BJT](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/): The common emitter circuit is probably the most widely used transistor configuration. The emitter electrode is common to both input and output circuits.
- [Difference between BJT and MOSFET](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-bjt-and-mosfet/): BJT and MOSFET are two types of semiconductor transistors. Even though both of them are transistors, they are different from each other in various aspects.
- [MOSFET - Structure, working principle, symbol and applications](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/mosfet-symbol-working-structure/): A Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field effect transistors, commonly known as MOSFET, are semiconductor switching devices that have three terminals which are the gate, drain and source.
- [Types of Transformer windings](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/types-of-transformer-windings/): Transformer windings constitute the electrical circuit of a transformer. They are made up of current-carrying conductors wound around the core.
- [Insulation materials used in transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/insulation-materials-used-in-transformers/): Insulation materials are one of the most important elements in a transformer.
- [BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/bjt-bipolar-junction-transistors/): A Bipolar junction transistor, commonly known as BJT, is a Si or Ge semiconductor device that is structured like two p-n junction diodes connected back to back.
- [Transformer core](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-core/): Provides mechanical support to the windings.
- [Transistors - Learn all about transistors](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transistors/): A transistor is an electronic semiconductor device that is used in the circuit to control, regulate and amplify electrical voltage or current signals.
- [Diode ratings - How to understand a diode datasheet?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/diode-ratings-diode-datasheet/): Datasheets released by diode manufacturers contain a number of diode ratings.
- [What is PIV rating in a diode?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-piv-rating-in-a-diode/): PIV stands for 'Peak Inverse Voltage'.
- [Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss and their difference](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/hysteresis-loss-and-eddy-current-loss/): In electric machines, a varying magnetic field causes eddy currents in all metallic parts and hysteresis in ferromagnetic core.
- [PN Junction Diodes](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/p-n-junction-diodes/): A diode is an electrical component that allows the current to flow in only one particular direction. Diodes are made up of silicon and germanium.
- [Zener diodes - Operation, Symbol and V-I Characteristics](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/zener-diodes-operation-symbol-and-v-i-characteristics/): Zener diodes are silicon semiconductor devices that can allow the passage of current in both forward and reverse directions.
- [Difference between resistance and impedance](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/resistance-vs-impedance/): When we speak about DC electricity, resistance is the term used to refer to opposition to current flow whereas impedance is the term used in AC electricity.
- [Difference between EMF and Voltage](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-emf-and-voltage/): The difference between EMF and voltage is that the EMF is the potential difference measured across a power source without a load connected to it whereas voltage is the potential difference measured between any two points in a circuit.
- [Difference between volts and amps | Volts vs amps](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-volts-and-amps-vs/): Volts and amps or ampere are two measures of electricity.
- [Differences between resistance and resistivity](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/resistance-and-resistivity/): Understanding the differences between resistance and resistivity is very important as they are closely related.
- [Parallel operation of transformers - Connection & 5 conditions for perfect operation](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parallel-operation-of-transformers/): In order to supply loads exceeding the rating of an existing transformer, two or more transformers are connected in parallel to the existing one.
- [Ultimate breaking capacity (Icu) and Service breaking capacity (Ics) - IEC 60947-2](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/ultimate-breaking-capacity-icu/): Circuit breakers are devices that can protect circuits or loads during overloads and short circuit.
- [Instrument transformers - Definition, types and connection](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/instrument-transformers/): What is an instrument transformer?
- [Difference between current transformers and Potential transformers](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-ct-and-pt-vt/): Current transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers (PT) are instrument transformer types used to step down transmission or distribution line voltages and current to the level that can be measured using measurement devices or controlled using control devices.
- [Motor locked rotor current calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/motor-locked-rotor-current-calculator/): A motor at rest acts as if its rotor is locked. The locked rotor current and the starting current of a motor are one and the same.
- [Top 5 differences between MCB and RCCB](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/top-5-differences-between-mcb-and-rccb/): RCCB stands for Residual current circuit breakers and MCB stands for Miniature circuit breakers.
- [Potential transformers | Voltage transformers (PT)](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/potential-transformer-voltage-pt/): Potential transformers (PT) or voltage transformers are instrument transformers used for voltage measurements.
- [Current transformers (CT)- working, types and connection](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/current-transformers-ct-working-types/): A current transformer is a type of instrument, used to measure or sense large alternating currents by scaling it to a smaller, safer and measurable value.
- [Transformer losses - Load losses and No-load losses](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/transformer-losses-load-no-load-losses/): Some amount of power is lost during the voltage transformation process in a transformer. The current flows in a transformer winding and the alternating magnetic field in the core contributes to the majority of transformer losses.
- [Difference between PLC and DCS](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/difference-between-plc-and-dcs/): In the world of industrial automation, Programmable logic controllers (PLC) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are used to control or automate a process or a machine.
- [What is induced current?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-induced-current/): Electromagnetic induction occurs whenever there is a relative motion between a magnetic field and a coil.
- [Electromagnetic Induction](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electromagnetic-induction/): Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon by which electromotive force is produced across a conductor placed in a varying magnetic field.
- [Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/faradays-law-of-induction/): Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction in 1831 which was a major breakthrough and led to the invention of electric motor and generator.
- [Lenz's law](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/lenzs-law-equations-examples-problems/): Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was a Russian physicist, working at the University of St. Petersburg, Russia. He formulated Lenz's law in 1834.
- [Motor rated current v/s Full load current v/s Nominal current](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/motor-rated-full-load-nominal-current/): The terms, motor rated current, full load current and nominal current, are very likely to confuse electrical engineers.
- [Simple motor rated current calculator with calculation steps](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/motor-rated-current-calculator/): Motor rated current also known as full load amperes (FLA) of a motor is the maximum current the motor windings are designed to carry.
- [Induction motor slip calculator](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/induction-motor-slip-calculator/): The speed of an induction motor is always lesser than its synchronous speed.
- [What is an Electric Motor?](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/what-is-an-electric-motor/): An electric motor is an energy transformation machinery. It transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy.
- [EMF equation of an alternator and solved problems](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/emf-equation-of-an-alternator-and-solved-problems/): An alternator or a synchronous generator is a device used to convert mechanical energy to Alternating current electric current.

## Pages

- [User](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/user/)
- [Learn Electrical Engineering - Electrical Classroom](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/): Welcome to Electrical Classroom, a complete Electrical Engineering web portal.
- [Sitemap](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/sitemap/)
- [Privacy Policy](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/privacy-policy/): At Electrical Classroom, accessible from www.electricalclassroom.com, one of our main priorities is the privacy of our visitors.
- [Articles](https://www.electricalclassroom.com/blog/)


[comment]: # (Generated by Hostinger Tools Plugin)